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Received 27 December 2025; revised 23 February 2026; accepted 3 March 2026.Zeyu Ding, Yong Zhou, Jiaqi Zhao, Wen-Liang Du, Xixi Li, and Rui Yao are with the School of Computer Science and Technology / School of Artificial Intelligence, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China, and with the Mine Digitization Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Xuzhou 221116, China, and also with the Jiangsu Provincial Industrial Technology Engineering Center for Intelligent Sensing and Emergency IoT in Underground Space, Xuzhou 221116, China (e-mails: {dingzeyu, yzhou, jiaqizhao, wldu, xixil, ruiyao}@cumt.edu.cn).Abdulmotaleb El Saddik is with the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada (e-mail: elsaddik@uottawa.ca).Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TGRS.2026.3671683
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Forget getting stuck in local optima: this new PSO variant leverages dynamic weighting and lens-based learning to generate safer, smoother, and faster UAV paths.
