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This paper investigates the use of Time Series Foundation Models (TSFMs) for forecasting commencing student enrollments in data-sparse higher education settings. The authors introduce the Institutional Operating Conditions Index (IOCI), a novel covariate derived from time-stamped documentary evidence, and combine it with Google Trends data to improve forecast accuracy. Results from an expanding-window backtest demonstrate that covariate-conditioned TSFMs achieve performance comparable to classical benchmarks without institution-specific training, highlighting their potential for zero-shot enrollment forecasting.
Time Series Foundation Models can forecast student enrollment as well as traditional methods, even when data is scarce, by using a clever new index derived from institutional documents and Google Trends.
Many universities face increasing financial pressure and rely on accurate forecasts of commencing enrolments. However, enrolment forecasting in higher education is often data-sparse; annual series are short and affected by reporting changes and regime shifts. Popular classical approaches can be unreliable, as parameter estimation and model selection are unstable with short samples, and structural breaks degrade extrapolation. Recently, TSFMs have provided zero-shot priors, delivering strong gains in annual, data-sparse institutional forecasting under leakage-disciplined covariate construction. We benchmark multiple TSFM families in a zero-shot setting and test a compact, leakage-safe covariate set and introduce the Institutional Operating Conditions Index (IOCI), a transferable 0-100 regime covariate derived from time-stamped documentary evidence available at each forecast origin, alongside Google Trends demand proxies with stabilising feature engineering. Using an expanding-window backtest with strict vintage alignment, covariate-conditioned TSFMs perform on par with classical benchmarks without institution-specific training, with performance differences varying by cohort and model.
