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This narrative review examines the application of precision medicine in diabetes management, focusing on individualized strategies based on genetic, genomic, and environmental factors. The review synthesizes current literature on patient stratification, multi-omic integration, pharmacogenomics, and biomarker-guided diagnostics in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The findings suggest that tailoring therapeutic interventions based on patient-specific characteristics can improve glycemic control and optimize drug efficacy.
Precision medicine approaches, including pharmacogenomics and multi-omic integration, hold promise for improving glycemic control and personalizing treatment strategies in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Precision medicine represents a transformative approach to diabetes prevention and management, emphasizing individualized strategies based on genetic, genomic, epigenetic, environmental, and physiological factors. This narrative review synthesizes current literature on precision medicine applications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, highlighting patient stratification, multi-omic integration, pharmacogenomics, biomarker-guided diagnostics, and the utilization of digital health and real-world data. Evidence indicates that tailoring therapeutic interventions according to patient-specific characteristics can improve glycemic control, optimize drug efficacy, and reduce adverse drug reactions. In type 1 diabetes, precision approaches facilitate early detection, beta-cell preservation, and individualized immunomodulatory strategies, whereas in type 2 diabetes, multidimensional analyses and pharmacogenomics enhance phenotypic classification and treatment personalization. Despite promising advances, barriers remain, including heterogeneity in disease phenotypes, limited access to comprehensive datasets, inequities in health technology adoption, ethical and privacy concerns, and insufficient clinical implementation of pharmacogenomic insights. Future research should prioritize longitudinal cohort studies, standardized methodologies, integration of high-dimensional multi-omic datasets, and equitable deployment of digital health solutions. By addressing these gaps, precision medicine has the potential to enhance individualized care, improve clinical outcomes, and transform the management of diabetes across diverse populations. Keywords: Precision medicine, Diabetes subtypes, Pharmacogenomics, Biomarkers and Digital health.
