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This review article addresses the challenge of biofilm-associated infections, which account for a significant proportion of human microbial infections, by exploring chemical and biological strategies to disrupt biofilms. Chemical approaches include quorum-sensing inhibitors, matrix-degrading agents, antimicrobial peptides, and photodynamic therapy, while biological approaches involve bacteriophages, enzymes, and probiotics. Combination therapies and advanced delivery systems are also discussed as potential solutions to enhance drug penetration in biofilms.
Novel strategies to disrupt biofilms, including combination therapies and advanced delivery systems, show promise in overcoming antibiotic resistance and improving the treatment of biofilm-associated infections.
Biofilm-associated infections are a major medical problem that is responsible for nearly 80% of human microbial infections. These bacterial communities are protected by a strong extracellular matrix that limits antibiotic penetration and supports persister cells and quorum-sensing–driven resistance. Biofilm development occurs in several stages and ultimately forms complex structures that block antimicrobial action. To overcome this, chemical strategies include quorum-sensing inhibitors, matrix-degrading agents, antimicrobial peptides, and photodynamic therapy. Biological approaches use bacteriophages, enzymes such as DNase, and probiotics that disrupt biofilms through competitive mechanisms. Combination therapies—such as antibiotic-phage or enzyme-antibiotic treatments—show improved effectiveness. Advanced delivery systems involving nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels enhance drug penetration in biofilms, particularly in wound care. New technologies, including AI-guided drug discovery and CRISPR targeting, are advancing future anti-biofilm treatments.
