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This paper analyzes the proficiency level of Python code generated by AI agents using the pycefr static analysis tool on the AIDev dataset, mapping code constructs to CEFR proficiency levels (A1-C2). The analysis of 5,027 Python files from 591 pull requests reveals that AI agents primarily generate basic-level code (over 90% A1/A2), with less than 1% classified as mastery level (C2). Interestingly, the proficiency profile of AI-generated code is broadly similar to that of human-written code, with higher proficiency code appearing in feature addition and bug fixing tasks.
AI coding agents mostly write beginner-level Python, suggesting current models may not be pushing the boundaries of code complexity.
The rapid adoption of AI coding agents is fundamentally shifting software developers'roles from code authors to code reviewers. While developers spend a significant portion of their time reading and comprehending code, the linguistic proficiency and complexity of the Python code generated by these agents remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the code proficiency of AI agents to determine the skill level required for developers to maintain their code. Leveraging the AIDev dataset, we mined 591 pull requests containing 5,027 Python files generated by three distinct AI agents and employed pycefr, a static analysis tool that maps Python constructs to six proficiency levels, ranging from A1 (Basic) to C2 (Mastery), to analyze the code. Our results reveal that: AI agents predominantly generate Basic-level code, with over 90% of constructs falling into the A1 and A2 categories, and less than 1% classified as Mastery (C2); AI agents'and humans'pull requests share a broadly similar proficiency profile; High-proficiency code by AI agents are from feature addition and bug fixing tasks. These findings suggest that while AI-generated code is generally accessible to developers with basic Python skills, specific tasks may require advanced proficiency to review and maintain complex, agent-generated constructs.
