Microneedle-mediated delivery of Coptis chinensis-derived nanovesicles orchestrating antibacterial and macrophage reprogramming for comprehensive wound healing.

A soluble microneedle array loaded with nanovesicles derived from Coptis chinensis serves as an integrated tri-functional platform to synergistically accelerate healing of infected wounds and in vivo wound healing assays demonstrated that the MN-mediated delivery of CDVs significantly enhanced repair outcomes compared to free vesicle treatment.