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This study systematically evaluates the feasibility of humanoid robots for laparoscopic surgical tasks through a teleoperation framework that utilizes general-purpose instruments. By conducting benchtop characterizations, user studies with varying surgical experience, and in vivo porcine experiments, the researchers assess the robots' performance and readiness compared to established surgical systems. The findings reveal both the potential of humanoid robots in surgery and the significant technical challenges that need to be overcome for clinical application.
Humanoid robots show promise for surgical tasks, but face critical technical hurdles before they can be deployed in the operating room.
Recent advances in actuation, control and learning have rapidly pushed humanoid robots from a distant vision towards near-term real-world deployment1-18. Healthcare is a particularly pressing domain, in which staffing shortages and increasing care demand are widening the gap between clinical workload and available skilled labour19-21. Although current automation has largely focused on digital and logistical tasks22, much hospital work remains embodied, requiring mobility, manipulation and safe interaction in human-designed environments. Humanoid form factors offer unique potential, particularly for assisting with surgical tasks. Traditionally, robotic systems for surgery are purpose-built platforms such as Intuitive Surgical's da Vinci Surgical System23,24, and it remains unclear how close current humanoid systems are to meeting the precision, control and safety requirements of minimally invasive surgery. Here we present a systematic evaluation of contemporary humanoid technology for laparoscopic surgical tasks. We develop a humanoid-based laparoscopic teleoperation framework using general-purpose instruments and assess its abilities through benchtop characterization, dry-laboratory user studies spanning diverse surgical experience levels and in vivo porcine studies. Across these evaluations, we quantify technical feasibility, task performance and clinical readiness relative to established surgical platforms. Together, our study provides an evidence-based assessment of current humanoid abilities and limitations for surgical applications, highlighting both their promise and key technical challenges that must be addressed before clinical deployment.
