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AdaptFuse is a training-free framework that improves LLMs' ability to accumulate evidence across multiple rounds of user interaction by externalizing Bayesian inference. A symbolic module maintains a Bayesian posterior over a discrete hypothesis set, while a frozen LLM contributes semantic reasoning via multi-sample Dirichlet aggregation. Entropy-adaptive fusion combines these signals, weighting each source by its predictive confidence.
LLMs can learn sequential user preferences without any training by externalizing Bayesian inference, outperforming even fine-tuned models.
Large language models struggle to accumulate evidence across multiple rounds of user interaction, failing to update their beliefs in a manner consistent with Bayesian inference. Existing solutions require fine-tuning on sensitive user interaction data, limiting their applicability in privacy-conscious settings. We propose AdaptFuse, a training-free framework that externalizes probabilistic computation entirely from the LLM: a symbolic module maintains a Bayesian posterior over a discrete hypothesis set, while a frozen LLM contributes semantic reasoning via multi-sample Dirichlet aggregation. The two signals are combined through entropy-adaptive fusion, which automatically weights each source by its predictive confidence, shifting reliance from the LLM to the symbolic posterior as evidence accumulates. We evaluate across three domains: flight recommendation, hotel recommendation, and web shopping; on Gemma 2 9B, Llama 3 8B, and Qwen 2.5 7B. AdaptFuse consistently outperforms both prompting baselines and fine-tuned Bayesian Teaching models on all tasks, with accuracy improving monotonically over interaction rounds. These results demonstrate that principled inference-time algorithms can substitute for fine-tuning in personalized recommendation, without storing or training on sensitive user data. All the code and materials will be open-sourced.
