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Robotics and Autonomous Systems (RAS) have progressed from early mechanical manipulators in the 1960s to intelligent, AI-driven systems capable of autonomous decision-making across industrial, medical, agricultural, aerial, underwater, and space environments. This review consolidates six decades of robotics development, drawing from more than 120 scholarly sources, including seminal contributions in industrial automation, SLAM and mobile robotics, humanoid robotics, soft robotics, swarm systems, and autonomous vehicles. The paper synthesizes historical foundations, current technologies, domain-specific advancements, and future trends (2030–2050). By integrating sensing, perception, control, SLAM, learning, human–robot interaction, and ethics, this review provides a comprehensive, human-centered perspective on robotics systems suitable for researchers, engineers, and policymakers.
