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This prospective study investigated the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of immune-related hepatitis (ir-hepatitis) in 34 patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) who developed grade 3-4 hepatitis. The study found that approximately 41% of patients had an inadequate response to initial steroid therapy, requiring mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and that mixed DILI phenotypes had the highest steroid response rates while cholestatic DILI had the worst prognosis. Immune analyses revealed high T cell infiltration in the liver among patients with ir-hepatitis.
Nearly half of patients developing ir-hepatitis from immune checkpoint inhibitors require secondary immunosuppression with MMF due to inadequate response to steroids, with cholestatic DILI phenotypes demonstrating the poorest prognosis.
Background Immune-related hepatitis (ir-hepatitis) ranks among the most frequent adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Limited knowledge exists regarding the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of patients having an inadequate response to initial therapy with steroids. Characterizing ir-hepatitis phenotypes and treatment responses can provide valuable insights for guiding treatment decisions and prognosis. Methods This is a prospective study including patients treated with ICIs experiencing grade 3–4 ir-hepatitis. All patients received methylprednisolone 2 mg/kg for at least 72 hours and underwent liver biopsy. Ursodeoxycholic acid was added in mixed and cholestatic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) phenotypes, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was added in patients with inadequate response to steroids. Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) for CD3, CD8, FoxP3, CD20, and CD56/NKp46 was used on liver biopsies, and single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood samples was employed to characterize the immunological response. Results A total of 34 patients with ir-hepatitis were included, of which 20 patients (59%) responded to steroids. Six patients (18%) were steroid-unresponsive and needed MMF. Eight patients (23%) had steroid-dependent ir-hepatitis; they had an initial response to steroids but relapsed during tapering. Patients with steroid-unresponsive and steroid-dependent ir-hepatitis were treated with significantly higher accumulated steroid doses. Alcohol consumption and male sex were significantly related to inadequate response to steroids. Patients with mixed DILI had the highest steroid response rates (72%), while only half of the patients with hepatocellular and cholestatic DILI responded. Patients with cholestatic DILI had the worst prognosis concerning management of ir-hepatitis, risk of cancer progression and death. MIHC of liver biopsies revealed significantly increased T cell infiltration in ir-hepatitis, including cytotoxic, helper and regulatory T cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of blood samples showed CD8+ effector T cell clonal expansion in a patient with steroid-unresponsive ir-hepatitis than in a steroid responder. Conclusion Nearly half of patients developing ir-hepatitis had an inadequate response to steroids and needed MMF as a secondary immunosuppressant. Patients with mixed DILI were more likely to respond to steroids, while alcohol consumption was associated with inadequate steroid response. Immune analyses showed high T cell infiltration in the liver among patients with ir-hepatitis. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov ID number NCT04810156 and EudraCT no. 2020-004483-26.
