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This review identifies three paradoxes in Colloid and Interface Science鈥攈igh ionic strength electrokinetics, the longevity of nanobubbles, and the stability of pristine emulsions鈥攖hat challenge classical theoretical models. By synthesizing extensive experimental evidence, the authors argue for the necessity of new theoretical frameworks that incorporate the concept of a structured water layer at hydrophobic interfaces. The findings suggest that these structured water layers are pivotal in explaining the observed phenomena, offering a cohesive understanding that bridges experimental results with theoretical models.
The longevity of nanobubbles and pristine emulsions defies classical theory, suggesting a revolutionary role for structured water layers in colloidal stability.
There are three paradoxes in the modern Colloid and Interface Science supported by large bulk of experimental evidence and contradicting classical theoretical models: - Electrokinetics at high ionic strength; - Nanobubbles having life span on scale of days and weeks without any surface stabilization; - Pristine emulsions having life span on scale of days and weeks without any surface stabilization. We overview many dozens of experimental papers by broad spectrum of scientific groups from many countries. We consider this vast experimental data as unambiguous evidence that these phenomena exist. On other hand, classical theoretical models deny such possibility. This contradiction between experiment and theory justifies introduction of new theoretical models. We overview these models. It turns out that there is one common feature between most promising of them -- assumption regarding structured water layer at hydrophobic interface. That is why we combine these three phenomena in this review. There is extensive literature on century old idea of the structured water layer, experimental and theoretical. We overview this literature, which provides convincing support to this hypothesis. We discuss existing theoretical models that incorporate the structured interfacial water layer for the successful explanation of these phenomena in more detail. Theoretical model of electrokinetics at high ionic strength was developed several decades ago. Theoretical model explaining paradoxical longevity of nanobubbles and pristine emulsions by interaction between structured water layer and electric double layer is more recent.
