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The authors fabricated a passive, self-adaptive radiative coating using a thermochromic VO₂/silicon stack coupled to thermoelectric generators to achieve continuous 24-hour solid-state power harvesting. By exploiting temperature-driven metal-to-insulator phase transitions, the coating autonomously toggles between a selective solar absorber ($\alpha = 0.90, \epsilon = 0.23$) at daytime and a radiative cooler ($\epsilon = 0.85$) at night without external control. In outdoor field tests, the architecture generated 1.64 W/m² at solar noon and 26 mW/m² at night in vacuum, outperforming conventional black-body baselines by 32% and 63%, respectively.
Solid-state power harvesting can now run continuously across both day and night with zero moving parts or control circuitry, beating static emitters by up to 63% via self-switching thermochromic thin films.
Day-night solid-state power generation is experimentally demonstrated with thermoelectric generators integrated with a tunable radiative coating, which switches between a selective solar absorber during daytime and a radiative cooler during nighttime by temperature without any external control. The self-adaptive radiative coating is carefully designed with thermochromic VO2 thin film on heavily doped silicon substrate along with a phase-shifting silicon spacer in between, whose physical mechanism is elucidated. The fabricated coating exhibits a high solar absorptivity of 0.90 and a low infrared emissivity of 0.23 during daytime, and a high emissivity of 0.85 at night, resulting in large emissivity change of 0.62 within the atmospheric transparency window upon metal-to-insulator phase transition. From outdoor tests in a high vacuum apparatus, the tunable radiative coating in 35-mm squared size achieves 1.64 W/m2 power generation around noon time from a stack of commercial thermoelectric modules of 15 mm squared, which is 32% more from that with a black absorber. At night, it produces 26 mW/m2 power, outperforming the black emitter by 63%. Even exposed the ambient with convective loss, the 2-inch-round tunable coating generates power of 0.48 W/m2 at noon time, 14% more than the black absorber of the same size. The tunable radiative coating covered thermoelectric modules produces open circuit voltages from 433 mV to -62 mV in vacuum and from 300 mV to -51 mV in ambient through 24-hr continuous outdoor tests.