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This paper introduces ProtModernBERT, a BERT-style protein language model incorporating modern architectural refinements to significantly reduce pre-training computational cost while maintaining competitive performance. By comparing ProtModernBERT against established models like ProtBert and Amplify on structural and functional prediction tasks, the authors demonstrate substantial FLOPs reduction (80-90%) with comparable or slightly reduced performance gaps to larger models like ESM2. Crucially, analysis disentangles architectural contributions from data size, highlighting that modern components offer stronger inductive biases beneficial for low-compute regimes.
Protein language models can achieve 80-90% pre-training FLOPs reduction with modern architectural tweaks, matching or exceeding ProtBert and Amplify performance.
Large protein language models provide a powerful framework for learning sequence-function relationships and guiding experimental design. However, architectural improvements are underexplored, especially in low-compute regimes of relevance for resource-constrained research laboratories. We show that the training cost for encoder-only transformer architectures can be reduced by leveraging modern architectural refinements, offering an encouraging performance / compute-efficiency trade-off. We introduce ProtModernBERT, a modernized BERT-style model pre-trained on amino acid sequences, and compare it with ProtBert, Amplify, and ESM2 across a set of supervised structural tasks -encompassing secondary structure prediction, disorder prediction, and subcellular localization- and ProteinGym's zero-shot functional benchmark. We find that ProtModernBERT matches or closely tracks the performance of Amplify-120M and ProtBert with up to 80-90\% reduction in pre-training FLOPs, and narrows the gap to ESM2 when controlling for pre-training. Our analysis using a cluster-based validation protocol for hyperparameter selection and randomly initialized models disentangles the contributions of architecture and data, showing that modern components provide stronger inductive biases that are more consequential than parameter count in low-compute regimes.