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This paper introduces a statistical-mechanical framework where entire spike trains are treated as microstates, assigning an effective energy functional to quantify consistency with synaptic interactions, leading to a Boltzmann-like distribution over spike configurations driven by external inputs. Macroscopic states emerge from a competition between interaction-consistent spike patterns and spatio-temporal disorder, characterized by transitions between oscillatory and non-oscillatory activity regimes. The framework is validated through Monte Carlo simulations that directly sample the ensemble of spike configurations.
A novel statistical-mechanical lens reveals phase transitions in spiking neural activity, linking macroscopic regimes to the interplay of synaptic consistency and stochastic drive.
We introduce a statistical-mechanical framework for spiking neuronal systems in which entire spike trains, defined as spatiotemporal configurations of discrete events, are treated as microstates of the system. Instead of modeling explicit network dynamics, we construct an ensemble over complete spike histories and assign to each configuration an effective energy functional that quantifies its consistency with intrinsic synaptic interactions. This formulation leads to a Boltzmann-like distribution over spike configurations, where an effective temperature captures the influence of external inputs acting as a stochastic drive. Macroscopic states are described in terms of coarse-grained observables, such as population firing-rate densities, and arise from a competition between energetic contributions favoring interaction-consistent spike patterns and entropic contributions favoring spatio-temporal disorder. Within this framework, we primarily characterize the transition between oscillatory and non-oscillatory activity. The non-oscillatory regime contains both broadly distributed, approximately uniform states and temporally localized collapsed states, whereas the oscillatory regime is characterized by repeated activity peaks. These regimes are diagnosed using order parameters derived from the population spike-rate density, including its entropy, temporal localization measures, and autocorrelation-based indicators. To complement the analytical treatment, we perform Monte Carlo simulations that sample the ensemble of admissible spike configurations using a Metropolis-Hastings scheme defined directly on spike trains. The simulations reveal the emergence of the predicted macroscopic regimes and provide a direct sampling-based probe of the free-energy landscape.