Christos M. Nikolakakos

Standard frequency measurement windows overestimate power system inertia by up to 26% under inverter-based resources, masking critical stability margins by making inertia-depleted grids appear fully synchronous.

Synthetic inertia collapses to zero during severe voltage dips because mandatory reactive-current prioritization suffocates active-power injection, proving that converter headroom—rather than control topology—is the true bottleneck for inverter grid support.