Pratham Patel

This review categorizes the methods used for grading KOA into handcrafted/radiomics, convolutional and transfer-learning systems, ordinal or hi-erarchical models, transformer and vision–language and fusion-oriented pipe-lines, and priority directions for clinically credible de-ployment include clinically relevant measures of uncer-tainty, quantitative assessment of the quality of explanations, and imaging integrated with clinical or longitudinal evidence.