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Background: The clinical and epidemiological literature establishes a clear link between modern occupational environments and human health, highlighting a significant intersection between psychological distress, ethical dilemmas, and physiological dysregulation. This review evaluates the biological, psychological, and occupational pathways linking workplace distress to Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) through a multidisciplinary preventive medicine lens, while also emphasizing its relevance for occupational health, public health policy, and clinical management. Methods: To achieve this, a comprehensive narrative literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies published up to August 2026. By utilizing the allostatic load model, this paper explores how chronic activation of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) axis and persistent systemic inflammation serve as primary biological mediators bridging psychological exposure and physical disease. Attention is given to how sociodemographic vulnerabilities—including racial and gender disparities—exacerbate these risks. We concurrently examine the lived experiences of patients navigating chronic cardiac disease and the distinct ethical burdens faced by healthcare professionals and medical trainees. Results: This synthesis holds significant clinical value by supporting a potential shift from reactive CVD treatments toward comprehensive preventive strategies that address the psychosocial components of physiological wear-and-tear. Specifically, we emphasize targeted health education and cognitive-behavioral interventions integrated within comprehensive clinical and organizational frameworks. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms, broader clinical realities, and structural implications of occupational stress, this comprehensive review informs proactive clinical and occupational interventions. Conclusions: Ultimately, addressing psychological distress within the workplace is essential for mitigating the global burden of cardiovascular morbidity. This approach narrows persistent health disparities and advances the integration of psychology and public health into modern clinical practice.