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Climate change represents one of the most pervasive threats to global biodiversity, with vertebrate fauna experiencing disproportionate impacts across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence (2018–2026) on the effects of anthropogenic warming on amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and fishes, examining physiological stress, range shifts, phenological mismatches, and extinction risks. Under a 1.5°C warming scenario, approximately 4% of vertebrate species are projected to lose more than 50% of their geographic range, increasing to 8% at 2.0°C and 26% at 3.2°C. By 2100, between 3,333 and 7,895 terrestrial vertebrate species may face globally unsuitable conditions across their entire range under SSP1-RCP2.6 and SSP5-RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Ectothermic vertebrates (amphibians and reptiles) exhibit the highest vulnerability due to thermal dependence, while endotherms (birds and mammals) face habitat fragmentation, phenological asynchrony, and extreme weather events. Synergistic interactions between climate change and land-use change produce more-than-additive effects, with subtropical regions (Sahel, Middle East, South America) identified as global hotspots of vertebrate vulnerability. We discuss conservation strategies including thermal refugia protection, wildlife corridors, and nature-based solutions, emphasizing the urgency of limiting global warming to 1.5°C in accordance with the Paris Agreement.