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This paper analyzes the dynamics of planar second-order chemical reaction systems near strongly non-hyperbolic critical points, where linearization yields the zero matrix. By considering systems with a positive equilibrium point, it is shown that only nine geometric equivalence classes are possible, a significant reduction from the sixteen classes for general ODE systems. Examples are provided for each realized class, and it's demonstrated that all sixteen classes are achievable when the non-hyperbolic equilibrium is at the origin.
Chemical reaction systems drastically simplify the geometric possibilities of non-hyperbolic critical points, reducing sixteen general ODE classes to nine for positive equilibria.
The dynamics of chemical reaction systems with two chemical species can be described (under mass-action kinetics) by planar autonomous systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with right-hand sides containing polynomials. While their behaviour close to hyperbolic critical points is well understood, their dynamics has not been fully characterized for strongly non-hyperbolic critical points, where the linearization close to the equilibrium is given by the zero matrix. In this paper, the behaviour of such chemical reaction systems is investigated. Considering second-order chemical reaction networks with a positive equilibrium point, we show that only nine geometric equivalence classes are possible out of the sixteen classes for general ODE systems. Examples of chemical reaction networks in each class are presented. All sixteen geometric equivalence classes can be realized by chemical systems if the non-hyperbolic equilibrium point is located at the origin.