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Introduction: Caring for children undergoing cancer treatment imposes a substantial physical and emotional burden on family caregivers, reducing the time available for leisure, self-care, and physical activity (PA). Consequently, these individuals are at greater risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems. Objective: To analyze physical activity promotion strategies, their effects on mental health, and the main barriers to their adoption among family caregivers of children with cancer, interpreting these findings in light of behavioral theories. Methods: This theoretical-reflective essay was based on an interpretative analysis of studies identified in the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases, without restrictions regarding publication year or language. The findings were organized according to physical activity promotion strategies, their effects on mental health, and barriers to their adoption, and subsequently interpreted through the Theory of Effort Minimization, Self-Determination Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, and Affective-Reflective Theory. Results: The main intervention strategies identified included individualized programs, pedometer-based walking interventions, group activities, progressive goal setting, positive feedback, social support, and enjoyable activities tailored to caregivers' routines. These interventions were associated with reduced anxiety, improved mood, enhanced psychological well-being, and greater adherence to physical activity. Conversely, physical and emotional burden, lack of time, socioeconomic difficulties, and a high perceived effort were identified as important barriers to physical activity participation. Conclusion: Physical activity interventions for family caregivers of children with cancer should simultaneously address cognitive, motivational, affective, and contextual factors, prioritizing flexible and individualized strategies. The integration of behavioral theories may support the development of more effective interventions to promote the mental health of this population.