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Sexual harassment (SH) is a persistent occupational and public health issue in healthcare systems worldwide. Despite growing awareness, evidence regarding its comprehensive impact on healthcare professionals’ mental, physical, and occupational well-being remains fragmented. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize empirical studies examining the effects of workplace sexual harassment on healthcare professionals’ mental health, physical well-being, occupational functioning, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched for studies published from 2015 to 2025. Eligible studies reported individual-level outcomes of SH among healthcare workers. Data extraction included study design, population, type of harassment, and outcome domains. Methodological quality was appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute tools, and findings were narratively synthesized across four domains: mental health, physical well-being, occupational functioning, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria (19 quantitative, 6 qualitative) from Asia, North America, Oceania, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Across contexts, SH was significantly associated with anxiety, depression, burnout, post-traumatic stress, and suicidal ideation (β = 0.35–0.69; r = .20–0.32; p < .001). It consistently predicted lower job satisfaction, reduced commitment, and higher turnover intention (β = −0.45 to − 0.98; p < .001). Fewer studies assessed physical outcomes, though fatigue and insomnia were frequently reported. Evidence quality rated via GRADE indicated moderate confidence for mental-health outcomes and low-to-moderate for occupational and HRQoL domains. SH is a global occupational hazard with substantial psychological, physical, and professional consequences. Organizational policies, leadership accountability, and education promoting respect, equity, and psychological safety are essential to protect workers and sustain healthcare quality.