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Digital technology has undergone enormous growth and has changed the way university students acquire knowledge, communicate, interact, and socialize with their friends. While it is undeniable that the usage of digital devices (smartphones, laptops, and tablets) and internet applications offers educational and social advantages for university students, there has been an increasing concern regarding its consequences on the psychological well-being of students. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-synthesis on existing research on the implications of digital device usage patterns on psychological well-being among university students in Machakos County, Kenya. Gratifications Theory, Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of Internet Use, and Social Comparison Theory were used to explore the relationships between different patterns of digital device usage and psychological well-being. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was adopted which followed the PRISMA 2020 framework. The search was conducted through Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ERIC, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases for peer-reviewed papers between the years 2020 and 2026. Data was then synthesized using thematic synthesis method. The study found that digital device usage patterns significantly influence university students’ psychological well-being. Moderate, purposeful use of digital devices enhanced academic productivity, strengthened social connectedness and increased knowledge sharing among students, thus improving their psychological well-being. However, addictive and problematic usage of smartphones, social media sites, and internet applications was consistently linked to higher stress, anxiety, and depression levels, psychological distress, sleep disorders, and academic impairment. Furthermore, the review established that an individual’s motivational intent in the usage of digital devices, emotional coping skills, and social comparison mechanisms are important factors that determine psychological outcomes of university students. The study concluded that by encouraging responsible and constructive use of digital devices and other mental health interventions, university students in Machakos County and higher education settings at large can improve their psychological well-being.