Evolution of Marine Biodiversity Management: A Conceptual Synthesis from the Ocean Health Index to Adaptive Marine Management

Marine biodiversity management has progressively moved from sectoral and resource-oriented approaches toward integrated, adaptive, and evidence-based governance. This review examines the conceptual evolution of marine biodiversity management from the Ocean Health Index (OHI) to Adaptive Marine Management through an integrative literature review. The analysis synthesizes approximately 70 scientific and institutional references, with about 60% of the literature published between 2020 and 2026. The review shows that OHI contributed a multidimensional assessment framework by linking ecological status with social, economic, and cultural benefits of the ocean. However, assessment-based approaches alone are insufficient for guiding management in complex and uncertain marine social-ecological systems. EAFM and EBFM subsequently expanded the management perspective by integrating fisheries, habitats, communities, technology, economics, and institutions. Ecosystem modelling and Decision Support Systems further strengthened scenario analysis and evidence-based decisions, although uncertainty remains a central limitation. Adaptive governance, dynamic ocean management, marine spatial planning, and marine protected areas then provide institutional and spatial mechanisms for learning, adjustment, and implementation. This review argues that Adaptive Marine Management is not a replacement for earlier approaches, but a synthesis that integrates assessment, ecosystem-based management, modelling, decision support, spatial governance, stakeholder participation, and adaptive learning. The proposed framework is relevant for marine biodiversity management in regions facing climate change, biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, fisheries pressure, and competing marine uses. Keywords: marine biodiversity; Ocean Health Index; ecosystem-based fisheries management; ecosystem modelling; decision support system; adaptive governance; adaptive marine management.   Abstrak.  Pengelolaan biodiversitas laut telah berkembang dari pendekatan sektoral dan berorientasi sumber daya menuju tata kelola yang lebih terintegrasi, adaptif, dan berbasis bukti ilmiah. Artikel review ini mengkaji evolusi konseptual pengelolaan biodiversitas laut dari Ocean Health Index (OHI) menuju Adaptive Marine Management melalui pendekatan integrative literature review. Analisis dilakukan dengan menyintesis sekitar 70 referensi ilmiah dan institusional, dengan sekitar 60% literatur berasal dari publikasi tahun 2020-2026. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa OHI berkontribusi sebagai kerangka assessment multidimensi yang menghubungkan kondisi ekologis dengan manfaat sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya dari laut. Namun, pendekatan berbasis assessment belum cukup untuk mengarahkan pengelolaan dalam sistem sosial-ekologis laut yang kompleks dan tidak pasti. EAFM dan EBFM kemudian memperluas perspektif pengelolaan dengan mengintegrasikan perikanan, habitat, masyarakat, teknologi, ekonomi, dan kelembagaan. Ecosystem modelling dan Decision Support System memperkuat analisis skenario serta pengambilan keputusan berbasis bukti, meskipun ketidakpastian tetap menjadi batasan penting. Adaptive governance, dynamic ocean management, marine spatial planning, dan marine protected areas selanjutnya menyediakan mekanisme kelembagaan dan spasial untuk pembelajaran, penyesuaian, dan implementasi kebijakan. Artikel ini menegaskan bahwa Adaptive Marine Management bukan pengganti pendekatan sebelumnya, melainkan sintesis yang mengintegrasikan assessment, ecosystem-based management, modelling, decision support, spatial governance, partisipasi stakeholder, dan adaptive learning. Kerangka ini relevan bagi pengelolaan biodiversitas laut pada wilayah yang menghadapi perubahan iklim, kehilangan biodiversitas, degradasi habitat, tekanan perikanan, dan kompetisi pemanfaatan ruang laut. Kata kunci: biodiversitas laut; Ocean Health Index; pengelolaan perikanan berbasis ekosistem; pemodelan ekosistem; sistem pendukung keputusan; tata kelola adaptif; pengelolaan laut adaptif.