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This paper introduces a runtime verification framework designed to monitor spoken air traffic control procedures by analyzing controller-pilot exchanges alongside surveillance and onboard data. The framework parses communications into events, linking them to relevant entities and formalizing obligations as temporal formulas for evaluation against execution traces. The system achieves an F1 score of 0.85 in real traffic scenarios and accurately identifies procedural deviations in historical accident reconstructions, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing aviation safety.
A runtime monitoring system that achieves 85% accuracy in detecting air traffic control procedural violations could significantly enhance aviation safety protocols.
Air traffic control procedures are executed through spoken exchanges between controllers and pilots. These interactions are essential to the safety of air transportation: failures in their execution can create severe operational hazards, as evidenced by past fatal accidents. Assessing whether an instruction has been followed requires relating what was said to the aircraft concerned, its state, and the obligations that pilots must meet. We present a runtime verification framework that monitors such procedures by checking controller-pilot exchanges, surveillance data, and onboard observations. The framework parses radio communications into events linked to the entities they concern and merges them with surveillance and onboard observations into a time-stamped trace. The ICAO-derived obligations as formalized as temporal formulas with explicit time bounds and evaluated over execution traces. Every violation is reported along with the breached obligations and the observations that support the verdict. With real traffic, the complete pipeline reaches an F1 of 0.85 against blind human-annotated violations; in 1,495 synthetic situations derived from two public corpora, the monitor logic returns the expected verdict in every case. In two historical accidents reconstructed from official investigation reports, the monitor identifies the same procedural deviations documented by the investigators.